1. Affirmative Action Pros And Cons
2. Affirmative Action Programs Are Examples Of Which Type Of Justice League

Affirmative action is a policy in which an individual's color, race, sex, religion or national origin are taken into account to increase opportunities provided to an underrepresented part of society. And government entities implement affirmative action programs to increase the number of people from certain groups within companies, institutions, and other areas of society. The policy focuses on demographics who have historically had low representation in positions of leadership, professional roles, and academics. It is often considered a means of countering historical discrimination against particular groups. Opponents of affirmative action frequently call these efforts a collective failure. The tiny changes to the status quo after decades of effort are often cited as evidence of this.

Critics of affirmative action assert that such policies can hinder the prosperity of the groups they were meant to help. The of such programs, coupled with a belief that affirmative action forces the populace to make unwarranted accommodations, drives a significant part of the opposition. Furthermore, opponents of affirmative action might claim that at least from their perspective little to no bias exists in current society. As well, it’s argued that affirmative action has, in some cases, led qualified candidates to be overlooked for the sake of hiring for affirmative action standards, leading to less qualified candidates to be hired. There’s also the catch-22 that affirmative action leads to condescension for those benefiting from affirmative action. That is, some people may be accused of getting a job or promotion due to their ethnicity or gender, versus qualifications. Affirmative action is a delicate balance of promoting a diverse workplace without resentment.

Key Terms. – A policy or program providing advantages for people of a minority group who are seen to have traditionally been discriminated against, with the aim of creating a more egalitarian society through preferential access to education, employment, healthcare, social welfare, etc.Full TextIn the United, affirmative action refers to employment measures that Federal contractors and subcontractors such as public universities and government agencies are legally required to adopt.

These measures are intended to prevent discrimination against employees or applicants for employment on the basis of “color, religion, sex, or national origin”. Examples of affirmative action offered by the United States Department of Labor include outreach campaigns, targeted recruitment, employee and management development, and employee support programs.The impetus towards affirmative action is to redress the disadvantages associated with overt historical discrimination.

Further impetus is a desire to ensure that public, such as universities, hospitals, and police forces, are representative of the they serve.Affirmative action is a of controversy. Some policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination, an implementation ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme in 2003, though the Court also upheld affirmative action as a in a court case held simultaneously that year. History of the TermAffirmative action in the United States began as a tool to address the persisting inequalities for African Americans in the 1960s.

This specific term was first used to describe US government policy in 1961. Directed to all government contracting agencies, President John F. Kennedy’s Executive Order 10925 mandated “affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their, color, or national origin. ”Four years later, President Lyndon B. Johnson outlined the basic view that supports such policies:“Men and women of all races are born with the same range of abilities.

But ability is not just the product of birth. Ability is stretched or stunted by the that you live with, and the you live in—by the school you go to and the or the richness of your surroundings.

Affirmative Action Pros And Cons

It is the product of a hundred unseen forces playing upon the little infant, the child, and finally the man.” Arguments Against Affirmative ActionThe controversy surrounding affirmative action’s effectiveness is often based on the idea of class inequality. Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-class African Americans and Americans at the expense of lower class European Americans and Asian Americans. This argument supports the idea of solely class-based affirmative action. America’s poor is disproportionately made up of people of color, so class-based affirmative action would disproportionately help people of color. This would eliminate the need for race-based affirmative action as well as reducing any disproportionate benefits for middle and upper-class people of color.Other opponents of affirmative action call it reverse discrimination, saying affirmative action requires the very discrimination it is seeking to eliminate. According to these opponents, this contradiction makes affirmative action counter-productive.

Other opponents say affirmative action causes unprepared applicants to be accepted in highly demanding educational institutions or jobs which result in eventual failure. Other opponents say that affirmative action lowers the bar, and so denies those who strive for excellence on their own merit and the sense of real achievement.Some opponents further claim that affirmative action has undesirable side-effects and that it fails to achieve its. They argue that it hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of, and encourages to identify themselves as disadvantaged even if they are not. It may increase racial tension and benefit the more privileged people within at the expense of the disenfranchised within majority groups (such as lower-class whites). Some opponents believe, among other things, that affirmative action devalues the accomplishments of people who belong to a group it is supposed to help, therefore making affirmative action counter-productive. Implementation in UniversitiesIn the US, a prominent form of affirmative action centers on access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of higher education. Race, native, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in question (legacy admissions), and/or gender are sometimes taken into account when assessing the meaning of an applicant’s grades and test scores.

Affirmative Action Programs Are Examples Of Which Type Of Justice League

Individuals can also be awarded and have fees paid on the basis of criteria listed above. In 1978, the Supreme Court ruled in Bakke v. Regents that public universities (and other government institutions) could not set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment. The Court said that “goals” and “timetables” for diversity could be set instead.John F. KennedyJohn F.

Kennedy, 35th President of the United States, who established the concept of affirmative action by mandating that projects financed with federal funds “take affirmative action” to ensure that hiring and employment practices are free of racial bias.Source: Boundless. “Affirmative Action.” Sociology – Cochise College Boundless, 08 Aug. Retrieved 24 Feb. 2017 from “John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait.”Public domain.