This article is about level of detail in computer graphics. For level of detail in writing, see.In, accounting for Level of detail ( LOD) involves decreasing the complexity of a representation as it moves away from the viewer or according to other metrics such as object importance, viewpoint-relative speed or position.Level of detail techniques increase the efficiency of rendering by decreasing the workload on stages, usually.The reduced visual quality of the model is often unnoticed because of the small effect on object appearance when distant or moving fast.Although most of the time LOD is applied to only, the basic concept can be generalized. Recently, LOD techniques also included management to keep control of pixel complexity.A form of level of detail management has been applied to for years, under the name of, also providing higher rendering quality.It is commonplace to say that 'an object has been LOD'd' when the object is simplified by the underlying LOD-ing algorithm. This article is written like a that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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Please by rewriting it in an. ( June 2013) The origin of all the LOD algorithms for 3D computer graphics can be traced back to an article by in the October 1976 issue of.At the time, computers were monolithic and rare, and graphics were being driven by researchers. The hardware itself was completely different, both architecturally and performance-wise. As such, many differences could be observed with regard to today's algorithms but also many common points.The original algorithm presented a much more generic approach to what will be discussed here.

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After introducing some available algorithms for geometry management, it is stated that most fruitful gains came from '.structuring the environments being rendered', allowing to exploit faster transformations and operations.The same environment structuring is now proposed as a way to control varying detail thus avoiding unnecessary computations, yet delivering adequate visual quality:For example, a looks like a sphere from a sufficiently large distance and thus can be used to model it so long as it is viewed from that or a greater distance. However, if it must ever be viewed more closely, it will look like a dodecahedron. One solution to this is simply to define it with the most detail that will ever be necessary. However, then it might have far more detail than is needed to represent it at large distances, and in a complex environment with many such objects, there would be too many polygons (or other geometric primitives) for the to efficiently handle.The proposed algorithm envisions a which encodes in its arcs both transformations and transitions to more detailed objects. In this way, each node encodes an object and according to a fast, the tree is descended to the leaves which provide each object with more detail. An example of various DLOD ranges.

Darker areas are meant to be rendered with higher detail. An additional culling operation is run, discarding all the information outside the (colored areas).The basic concept of discrete LOD (DLOD) is to provide various models to represent the same object. Obtaining those models requires an external algorithm which is often non-trivial and subject of many. Successive LOD-ing algorithms will simply assume those models are available.DLOD algorithms are often used in performance-intensive applications with small data sets which can easily fit in memory. Although algorithms could be used, the information granularity is not well suited to this kind of application. This kind of algorithm is usually easier to get working, providing both faster performance and lower usage because of the few operations involved.DLOD methods are often used for 'stand-alone' moving objects, possibly including complex animation methods. A different approach is used for, a popular algorithm because this applies to terrain meshes which are both graphically and topologically different from 'object' meshes.

Instead of computing an error and simplify the mesh according to this, geomipmapping takes a fixed reduction method, evaluates the error introduced and computes a distance at which the error is acceptable. Although straightforward, the algorithm provides decent performance.A discrete LOD example. This section possibly contains. Please by the claims made and adding. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( September 2013) As a simple example, consider a.

A discrete LOD approach would cache a certain number of models to be used at different distances. Because the model can trivially be by its mathematical formulation, using a different amount of sample points distributed on the surface is sufficient to generate the various models required. This pass is not a LOD-ing algorithm.Visual impact comparisons and measurementsImageVertices550028801580670140NotesMaximum detail,for closeups.Minimum detail,very far objects.To simulate a realistic transform bound scenario, an ad-hoc written application can be used. The use of simple algorithms and minimum fragment operations ensures that does not occur.

Each frame, the program will compute each sphere's distance and choose a model from a pool according to this information. To easily show the concept, the distance at which each model is used is in the source. A more involved method would compute adequate models according to the usage distance chosen.is used for rendering due to its high efficiency in managing small batches, storing each model in a thus avoiding communication overheads. Additional vertex load is given by applying two directional light sources ideally located infinitely far away.The following table compares the performance of LOD aware rendering and a full detail ( brute force) method.Visual impact comparisons and measurementsBruteDLODComparisonRenderedimagesRender time27.27 ms1.29 ms21 × reductionScene vertices2,328,41 × reductionHierarchical LOD Because hardware is geared towards large amounts of detail, rendering low polygon objects may score sub-optimal performances.

HLOD avoids the problem by grouping different objects together. This allows for higher efficiency as well as taking advantage of proximity considerations.Practical applications Video games LOD is especially useful in 3D video games. Video game developers want to provide players with large worlds but are always constrained by hardware, frame rate and the nature of video game graphics. With the advent of 3D games in the 1990s, a lot of video games simply did not render distant structures or objects. Only nearby objects would be rendered and more distant parts would gradually fade, essentially implementing. Video games using LOD rendering avoid this fog effect and can render larger areas.

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Some notable early examples of LOD rendering in 3D video games include, and the engine. Most modern 3D games use a combination of LOD rendering techniques, using different models for large structures and distance culling for environment details like grass and trees. The effect is sometimes still noticeable, for example when the player character flies over the virtual terrain or uses a sniper scope for long distance viewing.

Especially grass and foliage will seem to pop-up when getting closer, also known as foliage culling. LOD can also be used to render in real time.In the popular city building game, mods allow various degrees of LOD-ing.In GIS and 3D city modelling LOD is found in and as a similar concept.

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It indicates how thoroughly real-world features have been mapped and how much the model adheres to its real-world counterpart.